Mauro Valeri's research indicates racism in Italian soccer

• A. Has increased in multiple forms in recent years
• B. Has decreased significantly
• C. Remains unchanged
• D. Is only in youth leagues

Answer: (A)

Racism in Italian soccer shows up in many forms—in stadium abuse and chants, discriminatory behavior by fans, and online attacks—and Valeri’s research points to these incidents becoming more frequent and varied in recent years. That breadth and the upward trend across different channels is why the best interpretation is that racism has increased in multiple forms in recent years. It isn’t limited to youth leagues, nor does the evidence indicate a broad decrease or no change—those options don’t capture the expansion into new channels and the persistent, evolving nature of the problem.